Poly(brilliant cresyl blue)–graphene oxide electrodes and poloxamer-coated polycaprolactone nanoparticles for electrochemical investigation of fludarabine–albumin interaction and stability in blood cancer therapy
Microchemical Journal, cilt.220, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 220
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2025.116455
- Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Index Islamicus, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Hematologic malignancies, Protein, Nanoparticle, Drug delivery, Voltammetry
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Fludarabine phosphate (FLU) is a key chemotherapeutic agent used in treating hematologic malignancies, but its clinical efficacy is limited by rapid degradation and strong binding to serum proteins, which reduce its bioavailability. Understanding and controlling the interaction between FLU and human serum albumin (HSA) is therefore essential for optimizing its pharmacokinetics and therapeutic performance. This study presents an electrochemical investigation of the FLU-HSA interaction using a poly(brilliant cresyl blue)-graphene oxide (PBCB-GO) composite-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The PBCB-GO composite was electrochemically synthesized and characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing enhanced conductivity and stability for sensing applications. Electrochemical studies using the K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6 redox system showed that the presence of FLU and HSA decreased the peak current, increased peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp), and shifted the formal potential, indicating slower electron transfer due to complex formation. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to calculate the binding constant (Ka) between FLU and HSA, yielding a value of 2.06 103 M−1. Time-dependent studies indicated that complex formation stabilizes after 30 min. Additionally, the interaction between HSA and nanoparticle-encapsulated FLU was investigated, with Poloxamer-coated nanoparticles, particularly Poloxamer 407, showing the weakest interaction with HSA. These findings demonstrate the potential of the PBCB-GO/GCE platform for studying drug-protein interactions and highlight the role of polymer coatings in enhancing drug bioavailability by reducing opsonization in circulation.