Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever clinical features and treatment
Diseases Transmitted by Ticks, NOVA Publications , ss.227-234, 2021
- Yayın Türü: Kitapta Bölüm / Araştırma Kitabı
- Basım Tarihi: 2021
- Yayınevi: NOVA Publications
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.227-234
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
CCHF is a tick-borne zoonotic disease. This disease is characterized by fever and hemorrhage, and endemic in parts of Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Southeastern Europe. In endemic areas, transmission is common between May and September. CCHFV is most commonly transmitted by ticks. On the other hand, transmission by direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected animals is also common. Nosocomial transmission may occur. Individuals in rural endemic areas dealing with livestock are at the highest risk for infection. The incubation period is typically 1-3 days after the tick bite. After contact with blood and body fluids the incubation period is typically 3-7 days. Sudden onset of fever, headache, weakness, myalgia, sore throat, dizziness, conjunctivitis, photophobia, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting are clinical manifestations of CCHF. In severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations such as petechiae, ecchymosis, epistaxis and gingival bleeding are seen. Laboratory findings include thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, increased transaminases, hyperbilirubinemia, prolongation of prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time. The diagnosis of CCHF should be suspected in patients who present with fever and hemorrhage and have geographic and epidemiological risk factors. Diagnostic tests include the early detection of CCHFV RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serology. RT-PCR is preferred. Specific immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies can be detected most rapidly by ELISA from the fifth day of onset of symptoms. Patients diagnosed with CCHF should be treated in a health center with appropriate facilities for infection management and control. Supportive treatment is essential in CCHF treatment management. In severe cases, the transfusion of blood products should be available. Attention should be paid to fluid and electrolyte balance. Intensive care treatment may be required, including mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, vasopressor and inotropic agents. Acetaminophen can be used to treat fever and pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are contraindicated as they may adversely affect normal clotting.