Comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of hydroxytyrosol in skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion injury İskelet kası iskemi–reperfüzyon hasarında hidroksitirozolün antioksidan, anti-enflamatuvar ve anti-apoptotik etkilerinin kapsamlı değerlendirilmesi
Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi, cilt.32, sa.8, ss.885-894, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus, TRDizin)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 32 Sayı: 8
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.14744/tjtes.2025.49540
- Dergi Adı: Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, TR DİZİN (ULAKBİM), Health Research Premium Collection (ProQuest)
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.885-894
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Apoptosis, hydroxytyrosol, ischemia–reperfusion, oxidative stress, skeletal muscle
- Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex pathological process characterized by excessive reactive oxygen species production, activation of inflammatory cascades, and apoptosis, ultimately resulting in substantial structural and functional tissue damage. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a naturally occurring phenolic compound predominantly in olive-derived products, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential protective effects of HT against lower-extremity skeletal muscle I/R injury in an experimental rat model. METHODS: Twenty-four adult Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: Sham, HT-Control, I/R, and HT+I/R. Hind-limb ischemia was induced for two hours, followed by two hours of reperfusion. In the treatment group, HT (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered 30 minutes before ischemia induction. Serum oxidative stress parameters, including total antioxi-dant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI), were measured. Skeletal muscle tissues were evaluated histopathologically, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, caspase-3 expression, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells were assessed. RESULTS: Compared with the Sham group, the untreated I/R group exhibited significantly higher TOS and OSI levels, increased histopathological injury scores, marked inflammatory cell infiltration, and enhanced apoptotic activity (p<0.05). HT administration significantly attenuated oxidative stress, reduced inflammatory responses, decreased tissue injury severity, and lowered apoptotic indices compared with the I/R group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Hydroxytyrosol exerted significant protective effects against skeletal muscle I/R injury by attenuating oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory mediators, and reducing apoptosis. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of HT as a promising adjunctive strategy in the prevention and management of ischemia–reperfusion-induced tissue damage.