Concurrent validation of an immersive virtual reality version of the box and block test, the 360° turn test, and the five times sit-to-stand test to assess the functional status of stroke patients
Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, cilt.72, sa.1, ss.84-92, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus, TRDizin)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 72 Sayı: 1
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.5606/tftrd.2026.16467
- Dergi Adı: Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, TR DİZİN (ULAKBİM)
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.84-92
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Balance, gamification, lower limb, stroke, upper limb, virtual reality
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Objectives: This study aims to develop immersive virtual reality (VR) versions of the box and block test (BBT), the 360° turn test, and five times sit-to-stand (5TSTS) test to evaluate functional status within a VR-mediated gamified environment and assess their concurrent validity. Patients and methods: Thirty participants (18 males, 12 females; mean age: 59.9±11.9 years; range, 25 to 82 years) with a stroke diagnosis were included in the prospective study between February 2024 and August 2024. Each participant completed the BBT, 360° turn test, and 5TSTS test three times using both VR-based and traditional methods. Concurrent validity was examined by analyzing the correlations between VR-mediated and traditional test results. The test-retest reliability of the VR-based assessments was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The usability of the developed software was also assessed using the System Usability Scale. Results: Strong correlations were found between VR-based and traditional assessment methods for the affected side in the BBT (r=0.562; p<0.001), in the 360° turn test (r=0.838; p<0.001), and 5TSTS (r=0.733; p<0.001). Interrater reliability was high and statistically significant across all tests (ICC >0.80, p<0.001). The usability of the developed software was rated as good (mean System Usability Scale score: 70.8±15.6). Conclusion: The VR-based versions of the BBT, 360° turn test, and 5TSTS are valid, reliable, and user-friendly tools for assessing functional status in stroke patients. These assessments show promise for integration into clinical settings and remote rehabilitation programs.