Occurrence and dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues in bananas and kiwifruits from Turkey
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, cilt.167, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 167
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106037
- Dergi Adı: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Environment Index, MEDLINE, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Acute health risk, Chronic health risk, Hazard index, Monte Carlo simulation, Multivariate analysis, LC-MS/MS
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study assessed the occurrence and dietary risk of pesticide residues in bananas and kiwifruits marketed in Turkey. A total of 50 banana and 50 kiwifruit samples were analyzed for 235 pesticide residues using LC-MS/MS. The analytical method exhibited satisfactory recoveries, acceptable precision, and adequate sensitivity, in full compliance with the European SANTE/11312/2021 Guidelines. Pesticide residues were detected in 82 % of banana and 46 % of kiwifruit samples, with 28 % and 30 % of samples exceeding the EU maximum residue levels (MRLs), respectively. Triadimefon and fenarimol were the most frequently detected compounds in bananas, while acetamiprid and cycloate were the predominant residues in kiwifruits. Chronic dietary exposure assessment, conducted using both deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation) approaches, indicated that chronic hazard indices (HIc) remained well below the threshold value of 1 for both adults and children. Probabilistic modeling revealed right-skewed exposure distributions, with 95th percentile HIc values of 0.0068 and 0.0094 for adults and children, respectively, for bananas, and 0.0013 and 0.0033 for kiwifruit, thereby confirming negligible chronic health risks even under high-exposure scenarios. Acute hazard quotients (HQa) were generally below 1 for adults, whereas a potential acute risk (HQa > 1) was identified for children in a single kiwifruit sample due to indoxacarb, indicating that acute concerns may arise for vulnerable populations under worst-case exposure conditions.